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Types of Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the prostate gland grow uncontrollably. The prostate is part of the male reproductive system and is located below the bladder, surrounding the urethra. It’s responsible for producing seminal fluid, which nourishes and transports sperm. Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men and usually develops slowly. In many cases, it may remain localized in the prostate, but more aggressive forms can spread to nearby tissues, lymph nodes, bones, or other parts of the body, becoming metastatic.
Types of Prostate Cancer
- Adenocarcinoma: This is by far the most common type of prostate cancer, arising from the gland cells that produce the prostate fluid.
- Small Cell Carcinoma: A rarer and more aggressive form that is not commonly detected until it has advanced.
- Other Rare Types: These include neuroendocrine tumors, transitional cell carcinomas, and sarcomas, which are even less common.
Stages of Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is typically staged from 1 to 4 based on its spread:
- Stage 1: The cancer is confined to a small part of the prostate.
- Stage 2: The cancer is still within the prostate but may cover more of the gland.
- Stage 3: The cancer has spread beyond the prostate to nearby tissues.
- Stage 4: The cancer has spread to distant parts of the body, such as bones or lymph nodes.
Symptoms of Prostate Cancer
Early-stage prostate cancer might not present any symptoms, but as it progresses, common signs can include:
- Difficulty urinating or a weak urine flow
- Frequent urination, especially at night
- Blood in urine or semen
- Pain in the lower back, hips, or pelvis
- Erectile dysfunction
Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is often diagnosed through a combination of:
- PSA Test (Prostate-Specific Antigen): A blood test that measures PSA levels, which can be elevated in prostate cancer.
- Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A physical exam where a doctor feels for abnormalities in the prostate.
- Biopsy: Tissue samples are taken from the prostate and examined for cancer cells.
- Imaging Tests: MRI, CT scans, and bone scans help determine if the cancer has spread.
Treatment Options at Rio Grande Cancer Specialists
At Rio Grande Cancer Specialists, prostate cancer is treated with a range of advanced and personalized therapies depending on the cancer’s stage, aggressiveness, and patient factors.
- Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy is often used for early-stage prostate cancer or in combination with other treatments for more advanced stages. At Rio Grande Cancer Specialists, we offer state-of-the-art radiation techniques:
- Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy (3D-CRT): This method shapes radiation beams to the contours of the tumor, minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue.
- Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT): An advanced form of 3D-CRT, IMRT allows for even more precise delivery of radiation, focusing higher doses on the tumor while sparing nearby organs like the bladder and rectum.
- Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT): This is a type of IMRT that delivers radiation in a 360-degree arc around the patient, providing highly precise treatment in a shorter time.
- Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT): Technologies like CyberKnife or Gamma Knife are used to deliver very high doses of radiation in just a few sessions. This technique is often used for treating early-stage prostate cancer or small, localized recurrences with millimeter precision, minimizing side effects.
- Brachytherapy
Brachytherapy, or internal radiation, involves placing tiny radioactive seeds directly into the prostate. These seeds emit radiation over time, directly targeting the tumor while reducing the exposure of healthy tissues to radiation. There are two types:
- Low-Dose Rate (LDR) Brachytherapy: Radioactive seeds are permanently implanted in the prostate, where they slowly release radiation.
- High-Dose Rate (HDR) Brachytherapy: Radioactive material is temporarily placed inside the prostate for a short period before being removed.
- Hormone Therapy (Androgen Deprivation Therapy, ADT)
Prostate cancer cells often rely on male hormones (androgens), such as testosterone, to grow. Hormone therapy aims to reduce or block the body’s production of androgens to slow or shrink the cancer. ADT is typically used:
- For advanced or metastatic prostate cancer to slow the disease progression
- In combination with radiation therapy to enhance the effectiveness of the radiation
Medications that lower testosterone levels or block testosterone from reaching cancer cells can be used, such as:
- LHRH (Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone) agonists or antagonists, which lower testosterone production.
- Anti-androgens, which block testosterone from acting on cancer cells.
At Rio Grande Cancer Specialists, hormone therapy may be managed by our nurse practitioner Maria Isabel Rodriguez, who specializes in the care of patients undergoing ADT.
- Surgery
Surgery may be recommended for patients with localized prostate cancer. The most common surgical option is:
- Radical Prostatectomy: The entire prostate gland and some surrounding tissue are surgically removed. This can be done via traditional open surgery or minimally invasive robotic-assisted surgery, which offers quicker recovery and less post-operative discomfort.
- Active Surveillance
For some patients with low-risk, slow-growing prostate cancer, treatment may not be immediately necessary. Active surveillance involves closely monitoring the cancer with regular PSA tests, biopsies, and imaging, delaying or avoiding aggressive treatments unless the cancer shows signs of progression.
- Advanced/Metastatic Prostate Cancer Treatment
For advanced prostate cancer that has spread beyond the prostate, a combination of treatments may be used, including:
- Chemotherapy: Drugs that kill rapidly dividing cancer cells.
- Targeted Therapy: Drugs that specifically target cancer cell mechanisms.
- Immunotherapy: Treatments that boost the body’s immune system to fight cancer.
Multidisciplinary Care at Rio Grande Cancer Specialists
At Rio Grande Cancer Specialists, our team—including Dr. Jameson Mendel (Radiation Oncologist) and Dr. Jeffrey M. Spier (Urologist)—works together to provide comprehensive care. Patients benefit from a personalized approach that takes into account their unique health needs, cancer stage, and personal preferences. We use the latest technologies and techniques to ensure the best possible outcomes while minimizing side effects and improving quality of life.
From diagnosis to treatment and beyond, we are committed to supporting prostate cancer patients at every step of their journey.
For more information on Prostate Cancer, visit: Prostate Cancer | Prostate Cancer Information and Overview | American Cancer Society
Gynecologic Cancer
Gynecologic cancer refers to any cancer that starts in a woman’s reproductive organs. The main types include cervical, ovarian, uterine (endometrial), vaginal, and vulvar cancer. Each type is different, with its own set of risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options. Early detection is key in improving the chances of successful treatment. Here’s a closer look at each type:
- Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer starts in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Most cervical cancers are caused by long-term infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Routine Pap smears and HPV tests are crucial for early detection.
- Symptoms: Early cervical cancer may not show symptoms, but as it progresses, women may experience abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as after intercourse or between periods, pelvic pain, or unusual discharge.
- Treatment: Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, depending on the stage of the cancer. Early-stage cervical cancer may be treated with cone biopsy or hysterectomy, while more advanced stages may require a combination of therapies, including chemoradiation.
- Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer begins in the ovaries, which produce eggs and female hormones. It is often called the “silent killer” because it tends to be diagnosed at a later stage due to vague symptoms. There are different types of ovarian cancer, including epithelial ovarian cancer (the most common), germ cell tumors, and stromal tumors.
- Symptoms: Ovarian cancer symptoms can include bloating, pelvic or abdominal pain, trouble eating or feeling full quickly, and urinary symptoms (frequency or urgency).
- Treatment: Treatment for ovarian cancer may include surgery to remove the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and surrounding tissue, often combined with chemotherapy. Advanced ovarian cancer may require additional treatments like targeted therapy or immunotherapy.
- Uterine Cancer (Endometrial Cancer)
Uterine cancer, most commonly endometrial cancer, starts in the lining of the uterus (endometrium). It is the most common gynecologic cancer and typically affects women after menopause. Excess estrogen exposure is a major risk factor.
- Symptoms: The most common symptom is abnormal uterine bleeding, especially postmenopausal bleeding. Other symptoms can include pelvic pain and unusual vaginal discharge.
- Treatment: Surgery (hysterectomy) is often the primary treatment. Depending on the stage, additional treatments like radiation therapy, hormone therapy, or chemotherapy may be needed.
- Vaginal Cancer
Vaginal cancer is rare and usually occurs in the lining of the vagina. It is often associated with HPV infection and is more likely to occur in older women.
- Symptoms: Symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding (especially after intercourse), watery vaginal discharge, and pain during intercourse.
- Treatment: Early-stage vaginal cancer may be treated with surgery, while advanced stages may require a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
- Vulvar Cancer
Vulvar cancer forms on the outer part of the female genitalia, called the vulva. Like cervical and vaginal cancers, it can be linked to HPV infection.
- Symptoms: Common symptoms include itching, burning, or pain in the vulva, visible growths or sores, and changes in skin color or texture.
- Treatment: Treatment typically involves surgery, which may include a vulvectomy (removal of part or all of the vulva). In more advanced cases, radiation therapy and chemotherapy may be required.
Treatment Options at Rio Grande Cancer Specialists
At Rio Grande Cancer Specialists, we offer a range of advanced treatments for gynecologic cancers. The specific treatment plan depends on the type and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health. Our multidisciplinary team works closely with each patient to provide personalized care. Common treatment methods include:
- Radiation Therapy
- External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT): Uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. At Rio Grande, advanced techniques like Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) and Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) ensure that radiation precisely targets the tumor while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue.
- Brachytherapy: Internal radiation therapy that places radioactive material directly inside or near the tumor. This is particularly effective for treating cervical, uterine, and vaginal cancers.
- Surgery
Surgery is often the first-line treatment for many gynecologic cancers, especially if they are detected early. Minimally invasive surgery, including robotic-assisted procedures, is available for some patients, offering faster recovery and reduced post-operative discomfort.
- Hysterectomy: Removal of the uterus, often used to treat uterine and cervical cancers.
- Oophorectomy: Removal of the ovaries, commonly part of treatment for ovarian cancer.
- Lymphadenectomy: Removal of lymph nodes to check if cancer has spread.
- Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells or slow their growth. It is often used in combination with surgery or radiation, especially for advanced gynecologic cancers like ovarian or cervical cancer.
- Targeted Therapy
Targeted therapy uses drugs designed to target specific genetic mutations or proteins found in cancer cells. These treatments can be more effective and less toxic than traditional chemotherapy. For example, PARP inhibitors may be used for ovarian cancer with specific genetic mutations.
- Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy boosts the body’s natural defenses to fight cancer. Certain types of gynecologic cancers, like advanced cervical cancer, may respond to drugs like immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Multidisciplinary Care and Personalized Treatment Plans
At Rio Grande Cancer Specialists, patients with gynecologic cancer benefit from the expertise of a dedicated team that includes oncologists, radiation therapists, nurse practitioners, and other specialists. We use the latest diagnostic tools and treatment technologies to develop personalized care plans tailored to each patient’s needs. With a focus on both physical and emotional support, we are committed to helping patients navigate their treatment journey with confidence and care.
For more information on Gynecologic Cancers, visit:
Cervical Cancer Overview | Guide To Cervical Cancer | American Cancer Society
Endometrial Cancer | Uterine Cancer | American Cancer Society
Ovarian Cancer | How to Check for Ovarian Cancer | American Cancer Society
Vaginal Cancer | Cancer of the Vagina | American Cancer Society
Vulvar Cancer | Cancer of the Vulva | American Cancer Society
Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women, though it can also affect men. It starts when abnormal cells in the breast grow uncontrollably, often forming a lump or tumor. While many breast lumps are benign (non-cancerous), malignant (cancerous) tumors can invade surrounding tissues or spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, like the lymph nodes, bones, liver, or lungs.
Types of Breast Cancer
There are several types of breast cancer, categorized based on where they start and how they behave:
- Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): A non-invasive cancer that starts in the milk ducts. It hasn’t spread beyond the duct but can progress to invasive cancer if not treated.
- Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): The most common type, IDC begins in the milk ducts but invades surrounding breast tissue. It can also spread to other parts of the body.
- Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): This cancer starts in the milk-producing lobules and spreads to surrounding tissues.
- Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC): A more aggressive form of breast cancer that doesn’t have estrogen, progesterone, or HER2 receptors. It’s harder to treat since hormone therapy and HER2-targeted therapies aren’t effective.
- HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: Cancer cells in this type have high levels of the HER2 protein, which promotes cancer growth. Targeted therapies that block HER2 can be effective.
- Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC): A rare and aggressive form that blocks lymph vessels in the breast, causing the skin to appear red and swollen.
- Metastatic Breast Cancer: Also called Stage IV breast cancer, it occurs when the cancer has spread beyond the breast to other organs.
Risk Factors
Several factors can increase the risk of developing breast cancer, including:
- Gender: Women are at much higher risk, though men can develop breast cancer too.
- Age: Risk increases with age, especially after 50.
- Genetics: About 5-10% of breast cancers are linked to inherited gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2.
- Family History: Having close relatives with breast cancer increases the risk.
- Hormone Exposure: Extended exposure to estrogen, such as from early menstruation, late menopause, or hormone replacement therapy, can raise the risk.
- Lifestyle Factors: Alcohol consumption, obesity, lack of physical activity, and certain dietary factors can contribute.
Symptoms of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer symptoms can vary, but common signs include:
- A lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area
- Changes in breast size, shape, or appearance
- Nipple discharge (especially if bloody)
- Pain in the breast or nipple
- Dimpling or puckering of the breast skin
- Redness or flaky skin on the breast or nipple
Regular self-examinations and screening mammograms are essential for early detection.
Diagnosis
Breast cancer is diagnosed through several methods:
- Mammogram: X-ray imaging of the breast is used to detect abnormal growths or masses.
- Ultrasound: Sound waves are used to create images of the breast, particularly useful for distinguishing between solid masses and fluid-filled cysts.
- Breast MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging is sometimes used for high-risk patients or to better examine dense breast tissue.
- Biopsy: A sample of tissue is taken from the suspicious area and examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of cancer cells.
Stages of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is staged based on the size of the tumor and whether it has spread:
- Stage 0: Non-invasive cancer (e.g., DCIS).
- Stage I: Early-stage cancer where the tumor is small and hasn’t spread to lymph nodes or only to nearby lymph nodes.
- Stage II and III: Larger tumors or cancer that has spread to several lymph nodes or nearby tissues but not distant organs.
- Stage IV: Metastatic cancer that has spread to distant parts of the body.
Treatment Options at Rio Grande Cancer Specialists
At Rio Grande Cancer Specialists, we offer comprehensive, personalized care for breast cancer patients using the most advanced therapies and technologies. Treatments vary depending on the cancer’s type, stage, and individual patient factors. Common treatment options include:
- Surgery
Surgery is often the first-line treatment for breast cancer. The type of surgery depends on the size and location of the tumor, as well as patient preferences:
- Lumpectomy: Removal of the tumor and a small margin of surrounding healthy tissue, preserving most of the breast. Often followed by radiation therapy to minimize recurrence risk.
- Mastectomy: Removal of one or both breasts. For some women, skin-sparing or nipple-sparing mastectomy options are available, which preserve more of the breast tissue.
- Lymph Node Removal: In some cases, nearby lymph nodes are removed to check for cancer spread.
- Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. It’s often used after surgery to target any remaining cancer cells in the breast, chest wall, or lymph nodes. At Rio Grande Cancer Specialists, we offer advanced radiation techniques, including:
- External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT): Delivers radiation from outside the body to the breast or other affected areas.
- Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT): A more precise form of EBRT, reducing damage to healthy tissue by adjusting the intensity of radiation beams.
- Brachytherapy: Internal radiation where a radioactive source is placed temporarily inside the breast near the cancer site. This technique may be used after a lumpectomy.
- Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells or slow their growth. It can be used before surgery (neoadjuvant therapy) to shrink tumors or after surgery (adjuvant therapy) to prevent recurrence. Chemotherapy is especially important for aggressive cancers like triple-negative breast cancer or cancers that have spread beyond the breast.
- Hormone (Endocrine) Therapy
Some breast cancers are hormone receptor-positive, meaning they grow in response to estrogen or progesterone. Hormone therapy blocks or lowers the levels of these hormones in the body to slow cancer growth. Common hormone therapies include:
- Tamoxifen: Blocks estrogen receptors on breast cancer cells.
- Aromatase Inhibitors: Drugs like Anastrozole, Letrozole, and Exemestane lower estrogen production in postmenopausal women.
- Targeted Therapy
Targeted therapies are designed to attack specific cancer cells without harming normal cells. These treatments are often used for cancers that overexpress the HER2 protein, a growth-promoting protein found in some breast cancers. HER2-targeted therapies include:
- Trastuzumab (Herceptin): A monoclonal antibody that targets HER2-positive cancer cells.
- Pertuzumab (Perjeta): Often used in combination with trastuzumab for metastatic or high-risk breast cancers.
- Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy boosts the body’s immune system to help fight cancer. It’s mainly used for advanced-stage or triple-negative breast cancer, where standard treatments may be less effective. Checkpoint inhibitors, such as Pembrolizumab (Keytruda), can help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells.
- Reconstruction Surgery
For patients who undergo a mastectomy, breast reconstruction surgery is an option to restore the appearance of the breast. This can be done using implants or tissue from another part of the body. Reconstruction can be performed immediately after mastectomy or delayed until after other treatments like chemotherapy or radiation.
Multidisciplinary Care at Rio Grande Cancer Specialists
At Rio Grande Cancer Specialists, our team of experts—including oncologists, radiation therapists, and nurse practitioners—works closely with each patient to create an individualized treatment plan. We use the latest diagnostic tools, treatment techniques, and a compassionate approach to support breast cancer patients at every step of their journey.
From early detection and prevention to advanced treatments for metastatic disease, we are committed to delivering the best possible outcomes and improving the quality of life for our breast cancer patients.
For more information on Breast Cancer, visit:
Breast Cancer | Breast Cancer Information & Overview | American Cancer Society
Breast Cancer in Men | Male Breast Cancer | American Cancer Society
Central Nervous System
Central nervous system (CNS) cancer refers to tumors that occur in the brain or spinal cord, which make up the CNS. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). While benign tumors don’t spread to other parts of the body, they can still be harmful due to pressure on the brain or spinal cord. Malignant tumors can invade nearby tissues and, in some cases, spread to other parts of the CNS.
Types of CNS Cancer
- Brain Tumors: These can develop in different parts of the brain and affect its function. Common types include:
- Gliomas: Tumors that arise from glial cells, which support the brain’s neurons. They can range from slow-growing (low-grade) to aggressive (high-grade) forms, such as glioblastomas.
- Meningiomas: Tumors that form in the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Most are benign, but some can become cancerous.
- Medulloblastomas: These are more common in children and develop in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance and coordination.
- Spinal Cord Tumors: These are less common but can cause symptoms by compressing nerves in the spinal cord, leading to pain, numbness, or difficulty walking.
Symptoms of CNS Cancer
The symptoms depend on the tumor’s size and location but may include:
- Headaches (especially if worse in the morning)
- Seizures
- Memory problems or confusion
- Balance issues or difficulty walking
- Weakness or numbness in arms or legs
- Changes in vision, hearing, or speech
Diagnosis of CNS Cancer
To diagnose CNS cancer, doctors at Rio Grande Cancer Specialists use:
- MRI or CT Scans: These imaging techniques help detect abnormal growths in the brain or spinal cord.
- Biopsy: A small tissue sample from the tumor is taken and examined to determine if it’s cancerous.
- Neurological Exams: To assess how the tumor is affecting brain or spinal cord function.
Treatment Options at Rio Grande Cancer Specialists
Treatment for CNS cancer depends on the tumor type, size, location, and the patient’s overall health. At Rio Grande Cancer Specialists, we offer advanced, personalized care with a range of treatments:
- Surgery
- Surgical Removal: For many brain or spinal cord tumors, surgery is the first option. The goal is to remove as much of the tumor as possible without damaging healthy brain or spinal cord tissue.
- Minimally Invasive Surgery: When possible, surgeons use advanced techniques to reduce recovery time and lower the risk of complications.
- Radiation Therapy
- External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT): High-energy rays are used to target and destroy cancer cells. It’s often used after surgery to kill any remaining tumor cells.
- Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS): This is a highly focused form of radiation that delivers precise doses to the tumor, minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. It’s ideal for treating small brain tumors or tumors in hard-to-reach areas.
- Chemotherapy
- Chemotherapy: Drugs are used to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells. Chemotherapy is typically used for more aggressive CNS cancers and can be combined with other treatments like radiation.
- Targeted Therapy
- Targeted Drugs: These medications are designed to attack specific molecules or pathways that are important for cancer growth. Targeted therapy can be less harmful to normal cells compared to traditional chemotherapy.
- Immunotherapy
- Immunotherapy: This treatment helps boost the body’s immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. While still under research for many CNS cancers, some patients benefit from new advances in this area.
- Supportive Care
- Rehabilitation: After treatment, patients may need physical therapy, speech therapy, or occupational therapy to help recover skills affected by the tumor.
- Symptom Management: Our team provides care to manage symptoms like headaches, seizures, and fatigue, improving quality of life.
At Rio Grande Cancer Specialists, we take a multidisciplinary approach to CNS cancer, meaning a team of local experts works together to create the best treatment plan for each patient. This includes neurosurgeons, radiation oncologists, and other specialists, ensuring you receive the most advanced care tailored to your needs. Our goal is to treat the tumor while preserving as much normal function as possible, helping you maintain a good quality of life during and after treatment.
For more information on Central Nervous System Cancers, visit:
Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors in Adults | American Cancer Society
Neuroblastoma Cancer | American Cancer Society | American Cancer Society
Head and Neck Cancer
Head and neck cancer refers to a group of cancers that develop in or around the throat, larynx (voice box), nose, sinuses, and mouth. These cancers usually start in the squamous cells, which are the flat cells that line the surfaces of these areas. Head and neck cancers can have a significant impact on speaking, eating, breathing, and even appearance, but early detection and treatment improve outcomes.
Common Types of Head and Neck Cancer
- Oral Cancer: Affects the lips, tongue, gums, and the inside of the mouth.
- Throat (Pharyngeal) Cancer: Can develop in different parts of the throat, such as:
- Nasopharyngeal cancer (upper part of the throat behind the nose).
- Oropharyngeal cancer (middle part of the throat, including the base of the tongue and tonsils).
- Hypopharyngeal cancer (lower part of the throat, near the esophagus).
- Laryngeal Cancer: Affects the voice box.
- Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Cancer: Develops in the nose or the sinus cavities.
- Salivary Gland Cancer: Affects the glands that produce saliva.
Risk Factors
- Tobacco Use: Smoking or using chewing tobacco greatly increases the risk of head and neck cancer.
- Alcohol Consumption: Heavy drinking also raises the risk, especially when combined with tobacco use.
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV): HPV infection is a leading cause of throat cancers, particularly oropharyngeal cancer.
- Poor Oral Hygiene: Increases the risk of cancers in the mouth.
- Exposure to Certain Chemicals: Such as those found in some workplaces (e.g., wood dust, asbestos).
Symptoms of Head and Neck Cancer
The symptoms vary depending on where the cancer develops, but they can include:
- A sore throat or feeling like something is stuck in the throat.
- Hoarseness or changes in the voice.
- Difficulty swallowing or chewing.
- A lump in the neck or mouth that doesn’t go away.
- Ear pain or ringing.
- Nosebleeds or persistent congestion.
- Weight loss without a known cause.
Diagnosis of Head and Neck Cancer
To diagnose head and neck cancer, specialists at Rio Grande Cancer Specialists use:
- Physical Exams and Endoscopy: To check for abnormal growths or lesions in the mouth, throat, and nasal passages.
- Imaging Tests: Such as CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans, which help locate tumors and assess how far the cancer has spread.
- Biopsy: A small sample of tissue from the tumor is examined under a microscope to determine if it’s cancerous.
Treatment Options at Rio Grande Cancer Specialists
Treatment for head and neck cancer depends on the cancer’s location, size, and stage, as well as the patient’s overall health. We offer a multidisciplinary approach, combining the expertise of radiation oncologists, surgeons, and medical oncologists to develop personalized treatment plans.
- Surgery
- Tumor Removal: Surgery is often the first option for treating head and neck cancer, especially when the tumor is localized. Surgeons aim to remove as much of the cancer as possible while preserving vital functions like speech and swallowing.
- Neck Dissection: If the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes in the neck, these may also be removed.
- Radiation Therapy
- External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT): High-energy radiation is directed at the tumor to kill cancer cells. It’s often used after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells or as the main treatment if surgery isn’t possible.
- Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT): A type of radiation therapy that uses advanced technology to target the tumor precisely, minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues.
- Chemotherapy
- Chemotherapy: Drugs are used to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells. It may be combined with radiation therapy (chemoradiation) to enhance the effectiveness of treatment, especially for more advanced cancers.
- Targeted Therapy
- Targeted Drugs: These medications specifically attack cancer cells by interfering with the molecules that promote cancer growth. For head and neck cancer, drugs like cetuximab target a protein that helps cancer cells grow and spread.
- Immunotherapy
- Immunotherapy: Helps the immune system recognize and fight cancer cells. Certain head and neck cancers, especially those linked to HPV, may respond well to immunotherapy.
- Rehabilitation and Supportive Care
- Speech and Swallowing Therapy: Since head and neck cancer can affect speech and swallowing, our rehabilitation team helps patients regain these functions after treatment.
- Nutritional Support: Cancer and its treatments can make it difficult to eat, so we offer nutritional support to ensure patients get the nutrients they need.
Comprehensive Care at Rio Grande Cancer Specialists
At Rio Grande Cancer Specialists, our approach to treating head and neck cancer involves a team of experts working together to provide the best care. We focus on:
- Personalized Treatment Plans: Tailored to each patient’s unique needs and cancer type.
- Advanced Technology: Including the latest in radiation and surgical techniques to maximize effectiveness while minimizing side effects.
- Supportive Care: To help patients manage symptoms and improve their quality of life during and after treatment.
Our goal is to treat the cancer while preserving essential functions, helping patients recover as fully as possible and live healthy lives.
For more information on cancers of the Head and Neck, visit:
Head and Neck Cancers | Cancers of the Head and Neck | American Cancer Society
Gastrointestinal Cancer
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer refers to a group of cancers that affect the digestive system, which includes the esophagus, stomach, intestines (small and large), liver, pancreas, and rectum. These cancers are quite common and vary in symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment, depending on where they develop in the digestive tract.
Types of GI Cancer
- Esophageal Cancer: Occurs in the esophagus, the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach.
- Stomach (Gastric) Cancer: Affects the lining of the stomach and can spread to other parts of the body.
- Colorectal Cancer: This cancer develops in the colon (large intestine) or rectum. It’s one of the most common types of cancer.
- Liver Cancer: Often starts in the liver cells (hepatocellular carcinoma) and is commonly linked to liver disease or cirrhosis.
- Pancreatic Cancer: Develops in the pancreas, which produces enzymes that help with digestion and hormones that regulate blood sugar.
- Gallbladder Cancer: Rare, but it affects the gallbladder, a small organ that helps digest fats.
- Small Intestine Cancer: Affects the small bowel, which connects the stomach to the large intestine.
Risk Factors
Some common risk factors for gastrointestinal cancers include:
- Tobacco Use: Smoking increases the risk of cancers in the GI tract, especially esophageal and stomach cancer.
- Heavy Alcohol Consumption: Particularly linked to liver, esophageal, and pancreatic cancers.
- Poor Diet: Diets high in processed meats, low in fruits and vegetables, and high in red meats increase the risk.
- Obesity: Being overweight can increase the risk of cancers, particularly colorectal and pancreatic cancers.
- Chronic Infections: Hepatitis B or C infections can lead to liver cancer, while Helicobacter pylori infection increases the risk of stomach cancer.
- Family History: A family history of GI cancers, particularly colorectal cancer, can increase an individual’s risk.
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Conditions like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis raise the risk of colorectal cancer.
Symptoms of GI Cancer
Symptoms can vary based on the location of the cancer, but common signs include:
- Unexplained weight loss.
- Loss of appetite or feeling full quickly.
- Blood in stool or black, tarry stools.
- Abdominal pain or cramping.
- Difficulty swallowing (for esophageal cancer).
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) (for liver or pancreatic cancer).
- Nausea or vomiting.
- Changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhea or constipation.
Diagnosis of GI Cancer
At Rio Grande Cancer Specialists, diagnosing GI cancers involves:
- Endoscopy: A procedure where a thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the digestive tract to examine areas like the esophagus, stomach, and colon.
- Colonoscopy: A specific type of endoscopy used to detect colorectal cancer by examining the large intestine.
- Biopsy: A sample of tissue is taken from a suspicious area and examined under a microscope to determine if it is cancerous.
- Imaging Tests: CT scans, MRIs, PET scans, and ultrasounds help visualize the size and spread of the tumor.
- Blood Tests: Certain cancers, like liver or pancreatic cancer, can cause abnormal results in liver function tests or show specific tumor markers in the blood.
Treatment Options at Rio Grande Cancer Specialists
Treatment for gastrointestinal cancers depends on the type, stage, and location of the cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health. At Rio Grande Cancer Specialists, we provide a comprehensive, individualized approach to treatment, using the latest technology and treatments.
- Surgery
- Tumor Removal: Surgery is often the first option for GI cancers, especially if the tumor is localized and can be removed safely.
- Minimally Invasive Surgery: Techniques like laparoscopy allow for smaller incisions, shorter recovery times, and less pain post-surgery.
- Colostomy or Ileostomy: In some cases, part of the colon or small intestine may need to be removed, and a temporary or permanent opening (stoma) is created to allow waste to leave the body.
- Radiation Therapy
- External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT): High-energy rays are used to kill cancer cells. It’s often used to shrink tumors before surgery or to destroy remaining cancer cells after surgery.
- Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT): A precise form of radiation that targets the tumor while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue.
- Chemotherapy
- Chemotherapy: Uses drugs to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells. It can be given before surgery (to shrink a tumor), after surgery (to kill remaining cells), or as the primary treatment for advanced cancers that have spread.
- Targeted Therapy
- Targeted Therapy: These drugs are designed to specifically attack cancer cells by interfering with certain proteins or genetic mutations that fuel the cancer’s growth. Targeted therapies can be more effective with fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy for some GI cancers.
- Immunotherapy
- Immunotherapy: This treatment helps the body’s immune system recognize and fight cancer cells. It is particularly effective for some forms of colorectal cancer that have specific genetic markers.
Comprehensive Care at Rio Grande Cancer Specialists
At Rio Grande Cancer Specialists, our approach to treating GI cancers includes a multidisciplinary team of experts working together to create the best treatment plan for each patient. Our goal is to treat the cancer while preserving as much normal function as possible, helping patients recover fully and maintain a good quality of life. We provide supportive care services to manage symptoms and help patients cope with the challenges of cancer treatment, from nutrition support to emotional and psychological care.
For more information on GI cancer, visit:
Esophagus Cancer | Esophageal Cancer | American Cancer Society
Gallbladder Cancer | Gallbladder Cancer Information | American Cancer Society
Liver Cancer | Liver Cancer Information | American Cancer Society
Pancreatic Cancer | Cancer of the Pancreas | American Cancer Society
Other Types of Cancer
Thoracic Oncology
Bladder Cancer
Skin Cancer
Bone Cancer
Metastases
Pediatrics
Lymphoma
Palliative Treatment